What is Polyvagal Theory?

Polyvagal Theory (PVT) was developed by Stephen W. Porges and sheds light on how our autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls human behavior, emotions, and social bonding. According to this theory, there are not simply two states (e.g., “calm” and ‘alert’), but three main “circuits” that unconsciously determine how we respond to our environment. 

The three main circuits and their meanings

Ventral vagus (“social connection”)

This part of the nervous system ensures that we feel safe, can form relationships, and relax together.

When it is activated, we are open to contact, cooperation, and calm.

Sympathetic nervous system (“fight or flight”)

When danger is perceived, this circuit kicks in: we mobilize energy and go on alert to fight or flee.

Essential for survival in the short term — stressful in the long term if it remains permanently activated.

Dorsal vagus (“freezing”)

This state can occur when faced with an overwhelming threat or when neither fight nor flight is possible.

The body “freezes,” energy is bound, the feeling of connection breaks down—often resulting in a form of dysregulation.

Why is the PVT significant?

It changes the way we view behavior: no longer just “What is the person doing?” but “Which neural circuit is active?” and “Does the system feel safe or threatened?” 

It emphasizes safety and connection as basic conditions for healthy human existence — not just as a nice addition, but as a central biological necessity. 

It offers practical approaches for therapy, education, medicine, leadership, and social contexts: whether it's people in crisis, children with attachment issues, or teams in companies — the nervous system and its states become more understandable.

Application of PVT: What does that mean specifically?

In therapy: The goal is not only to alleviate symptoms, but to help the nervous system switch between circuits again—from alarm or freeze back to connection and calm.

In education and upbringing: A child can learn optimally when they feel safe – not constantly “sounding the alarm.” A trauma-sensitive environment pays attention to vagal regulation. 

In everyday life and the world of organizations: Leadership, communication, and work culture benefit when safety and connection are consciously promoted – because the nervous system responds not only to numbers and goals, but also to people and relationships.